An overview of fuel cell technology: Fundamentals and applications

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive review of fuel cell science and engineering with a focus on hydrogen fuel cells. The paper provides a concise, up-to-date review of fuel cell fundamentals; history; competing technologies; types; advantages and challenges; portable, stationary, and transportation applications and markets; current status of research-and-development; future targets; design levels; thermodynamic and electrochemical principles; system evaluation factors; and prospects and outlook. The most current data from industry and academia have been used with the relation between fuel cell fundamentals and applications highlighted throughout the manuscript.